Doing business in Europe: Germany

Article Abstract:

An analysis of business procedures in West Germany reveals that West Germany's tax structure is basically a Continental Code with a division of partnerships under either Civil Law or Commercial Code. Partnerships covered by the Commercial Code are either general or limited. Currently, limited partnerships are not subject to audit or accounting requirements. Corporations are either public or private and financial reporting is governed by the size of entity, with different requirements for small companies, very large partnerships, and large companies. Other German practices reveal that branches of foreign companies are only taxed on West German income, and foreign source income is not subject to tax when exempt under double tax treaties. Additionally, there is no tax on remittances to head offices. Other policies state that foreign branches are excluded from the trade tax on capital and the tax on net assets, but must pay taxes on capital transactions.

Germany, Accounting and auditing, Corporations, Germany, West, Corporations, West German

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Doing business in Europe: the Netherlands

Article Abstract:

There are several important corporation and tax rules that foreigners need to know before conducting business in the Netherlands. All businesses need to be registered in the Commercial Register at the local Chamber of Commerce. Dutch general partnerships are either simple partnerships regulated by civil law, or business partnerships where private and business assets are kept separate. In addition, there are limited partnerships, cooperate ventures, and various types of NV and BV incorporated enterprises. Any NV type enterprise with 35 or more employees has to develop a works council which has review capacity over a wide range of company decisions. Businesses formed in Holland are taxed on their world-wide income and non-residents are taxed on Dutch income.

Netherlands, Employment abroad, Overseas employment, Corporation law, Taxation, Value-added tax

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Doing business in Europe: Ireland

Article Abstract:

Divergences between the Irish and UK company and taxation law systems are the result of local idiosyncracies and changes in UK precedents to encourage manufacturing and foreign investments. In Ireland, a corporate residence is determined by the location of central management. Resident companies are liable for a corporation tax on world-wide profits while non-resident companies are liable for a corporation tax on Irish branch or agency income, a capital gains tax, and an income tax on income from other Irish sources. The tax rates in Ireland are: capital gains, 30%; corporation tax, 43%; and value added tax, 25%. Ireland has a special ten percent tax rate that applies to the manufacture of goods and a graduated income tax with a maximum rate of 56%.

Methods, Economic aspects, Ireland

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