Is a 'middle class' forming?

Article Abstract:

This article discusses the impact of economic reforms of the 1990s on the social classes in post-communist Russia, specifically on the 'middle class' that market economics was supposed to help; social classes are characterized by education, political loyalty to the ruling order, and observances of social and ethical norms; these characteristics of the 'middle class', while applicable to westernized democracies with mature markets, do not necessarily apply to emerging markets such as Russia and can cause complex dilemmas. The auhtor points out that the per capita GDP in Russia is 6-12 times less than in the United States, and that the poorest classes in the US are equivalent to the richest in Russia; therefore, US standards of 'middle class' should not apply to Russia, rather Russia is more comparable to developing countries; the average GDP in Russia plummeted to half of what it was in the USSR; 'middle classes' in Russia do not exist.

Social classes, Social class, Middle classes, Middle class

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A cooperative model of business management

Article Abstract:

The cooperative behavior of business enterprises in Russia are examined. Topics include traditional ways of understanding cooperative behavior, such as analyzing monopolies and competition; and forms of cooperative interaction existing in 2001, such as joint ownership, contractual relation, and informal agreements.

Analysis, Business enterprises, Cooperation (Economics), Cooperation

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Private pensions in Russia

Article Abstract:

The history of Russia's private pension fund (PPF) system is presented, focusing on the PPF's role in providing for Russian citizens. Topics include government management of PPFs, the relationship between PPFs and the Russian economy, risks involved in investing in PPFs, and how to choose a suitable PPF.

Pensions, Pension funds

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