Transfers, empathy formation, and reverse transfers

Article Abstract:

Exchange and altruism may be interchanged with each other. Private transfers may be motivated either by exchange or by altruistic behavior. An altruistic transfer occurs when the donor considers the recipient's well-being. An exchange-driven transfer is positively correlated with the income of the recipient. A recipient will provide better service or support to a donor with a much higher income. However, when empathy is motivated by gratitude, altruism and exchange may be interwoven such that a low income of the recipient is positively correlated with an altruistic transfer because such income is related to a stronger sense of gratitude.

Economics, Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities, Analysis, Finance, Gifts, Empathy

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How altruism can prevail in an evolutionary environment

Article Abstract:

Economists tend to believe that humans are selfish. The use of evolution to explain selfishness is based on the theory that altruists are eliminated by evolution because people who receive high payoffs are favored by natural selection and because selfish people receive higher payoffs than altruists. An economic model shows that cooperative behavior can exist in an evolutionary environment in situations in which cooperation provides benefits to the opponent at a cost to the individual.

Evolution (Biology), Evolution, Cooperativeness, Egotism

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On the evolution of altruistic ethical rules for siblings

Article Abstract:

The evolution of altruism among close relatives are investigated. The kin-selection theory in biology is also applied to a class of games between relatives. Individuals maximizing a semi-Kantian utility function in games with their close relatives would resist invasion by dominant mutant genes. A population resistant to the invasion of dominant mutants could be invaded by recessive mutants.

Family, Behavior evolution, Behavioral evolution

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