A treatise of midwifry, in three parts

Article Abstract:

Fielding Ould (1710-1789), a Dublin male midwife, played an important role in the development of obstetrics. He wrote a book that was the first to describe the process of birth as a mechanical process. Ould believed that the pregnant woman should lay on her side to deliver the baby, and also recommended the use of opiates during prolonged labor. He also instructed midwives to turn the baby's head as it comes through the vagina. His book was the first description of episiotomy, which is an incision that opens the vagina to allow the baby to pass through. He helped establish the Dublin Lying-In Hospital and served as master of the hospital for seven years, during which time the maternal mortality rate was only 1.3%.

Research, Obstetrics, Ould, Fielding

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Observations diverses sur la sterilite, perte de fruict, foecondite accouchements et maladies des femmes et enfants nouveaux naiz..

Article Abstract:

Louyse Bourgeois in 1609 published the first book on obstetrics by a midwife. 'Diverse Observations on Sterility, Loss of the Ovum After Fecundation, Fecundity and Childbirth, Diseases of Women and of Newborn Infants' included discussion of premature labor, breech births and shoulder dystocia. It was published in six editions and translated into German, Dutch and English. Bourgeois was born in 1563 and learned much from her husband, who was a barber-surgeon. At the age of 36, she became midwife to the French court, and delivered all of Queen Marie de Medici's babies. She held her position for 27 years until she was dismissed after a royal infant whom she had delivered died.

Midwives, Bourgeois, Louyse (French midwife)

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Maternal oxygen administration and fetal cerebral oxygenation: Studies on near-term fetal lambs at both low and high altitude

Article Abstract:

The hypothesis that maternal [O.sub.2] inhalation would increase fetal arterial [O.sub.2] levels and cerebral tissue [O.sub.2] tension in both the normoxic fetus at low altitude, as well as those at high altitude is tested. The results have shown that maternal [O.sub.2] administration can have an important effect in ameliorating nonreassuring fetal status and also might be of value in instances of mothers who smoke heavily or with cardiopulmonary disease.

Health aspects, Genetic aspects, Fetal diseases, Fetal brain

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