Bladder cancer - field versus clonal origin

Article Abstract:

Patients with bladder cancer usually have multiple tumors in their bladders, and 60% have tumors arising in other parts of the body. Multiple tumors in bladder cancer patients and patients with similar types of cancer may arise from the same cell rather than from 'fields' of abnormal cells. Two research studies found similar chromosomal changes in multiple tumors taken from bladder cancer patients. The changes that were seen occur early in the transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Chemical carcinogens may change a normal cell to a pre-cancer cell that divides and multiples. Inflammation of the bladder causes the release of biologically active substances such as growth factors and cytokines. These substances may cause the migration of pre-cancer cells to other parts of the bladder. Under the proper conditions, these cells become cancer cells, and form tumors.

Development and progression

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Prevention of bladder cancer

Article Abstract:

Not much can be done to reduce the risk of bladder cancer until its exact cause is known. One of the major theories is that some carcinogen in urine causes the cancerous changes in the bladder. Because smoking has been linked to bladder cancer, carcinogens in cigarette smoke are thought to be responsible. However, of the more than 500 mutations of the p53 gene found in bladder cancer patients, few resemble those caused by cigarette smoke. Some geographical areas with high levels of smoking have low rates of bladder cancer. A 1999 study found that drinking more fluids can reduce the risk of bladder cancer.

Editorial, Causes of

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A 32-year-old man with a lesion of the urinary bladder

Article Abstract:

A 32-year-old man with a bladder problem was found to have schistosomiasis of the bladder. This disease is caused by a parasite, which he and his wife probably picked up on a trip to Malawi.

Case studies, Schistosomiasis

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