Calcium retention from milk-based infant formulas, whey-hydrolysate formula, and human mild in weanling rhesus monkeys

Article Abstract:

Infant formulas from different protein sources were assessed for levels of calcium retention when given to children. Infants who are identified as being at high risk for food allergies and infants who have been diagnosed with milk sensitivities, such as allergy to cow's milk, may be given one of these substitute formulas. The benefits and limitations of these substitute formulas have been hotly debated. One of the priorities in infant nutrition is to provide an adequate supply of calcium to the child; calcium is essential for normal bone mineralization and growth. Food allergies usually appear within the first six months of life and persist throughout childhood. Infant nutrition consists primarily of formula if the child is not breast-fed. Two different types of formulas were compared for levels of calcium retention; they were then compared with human milk. The trials were performed using six, eight-month-old healthy rhesus monkeys. Calcium retention was measured in the subjects after milk-based formulas, whey-based formulas, and human milk were fed to the subjects. To trace calcium retention, the solutions contained a calcium isotope label which provided a means of measuring the level of calcium in the body that was derived from the formula. When data were analyzed similar levels of calcium retention were observed in the formulas; retention levels ranged between 45 and 53 percent. When human milk was used, a significantly higher retention level was measured at 72 percent. Adjustments were made for varying calcium concentrations between the formulas and the human milk. There was less calcium present in human milk than in any of the formulas examined, but calcium from human milk is more readily absorbed. After these adjustments were made, the formulas and the human milk were found to deliver about the same amounts of calcium to the infant rhesus monkeys. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Health aspects, Measurement, Food and nutrition, Infants, Calcium in the body, Calcium (Nutrient), Breast milk

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The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans

Article Abstract:

Previous studies performed in laboratory animals and in humans have reported that dietary calcium reduces the absorption of manganese from the diet. Cow's milk contains higher concentrations of both calcium and manganese than human milk. Other studies have reported that less manganese is absorbed from soy-milk formula than from cow-milk formula. Soy formula contains phytic acid, which has been shown to alter manganese absorption in rats. It has been reported that phosphate reduces the absorption of iron from the diet, while ascorbic acid increases iron absorption. Since iron and manganese are absorbed in a similar manner, it is possible that phosphate and ascorbic acid may alter the absorption of manganese from the diet. In an attempt to identify dietary factors that influence the absorption of manganese from the diet, manganese absorption was measured in 60 adults. The subjects maintained their normal diets during the study period. The effect of dietary factors on manganese absorption was determined by measuring the amount of manganese in the blood after the subject had eaten a test meal that included human milk with added calcium, magnesium, phytate, phosphate, or ascorbic acid, or wheat bread with added iron or magnesium. In this study, the only dietary factor that altered the absorption of manganese from the test meals was calcium. None of the other substances that were added to the human milk or wheat bread altered the absorption of manganese. It is concluded that calcium does reduce manganese absorption from the diet. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Physiological aspects

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Manganese absorption from human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas in humans

Article Abstract:

Manganese is a trace metal that helps enzymes to function. The role of manganese in infant nutrition is poorly understood. In animal studies, manganese deficiency has been shown to affect fetal development and infant growth. The lack of reported of manganese deficiency in humans may be the result of inefficient detection methods. Unlike other trace metals, manganese does not accrue in growing fetuses. Consequently, the potential for manganese deficiency exists. There are some conditions, such as low birth weight and some convulsive disorders, that are associated with a negative balance of manganese. Manganese absorption and retention was studied by incorporating radioactive manganese in test meals given to 39 adult volunteers. The absorption and retention of manganese was studied after human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas were consumed by the study participants, who received diets with radioactive-labeled manganese. The fractional absorption of manganese was slightly different in human milk, as compared with cow's milk and infant formulas with and without added iron. The total amount of absorbed manganese was higher in the formula without added iron than in human milk. Before a safe and adequate range of manganese can be determined, the amount of trace elements in infants as well as their rates of absorption must be ascertained. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Research, Analysis, Manganese, Manganese (Metal), Milk, Food testing

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