Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy

Article Abstract:

Cigarette smoking around the time of conception appears to increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies occur when the fertilized ovum implants in the fallopian tubes, rather than in the uterus. Surgery is often required to stop bleeding and terminate the pregnancy. Researchers compared 196 black women with ectopic pregnancy and 1,119 black women with normal pregnancies. Smokers were twice as likely to have a tubal pregnancy, and the risk rose with the daily number of cigarettes smoked. Women who smoked more than one pack per day had 3.5 times the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Smoking and women, Women smokers

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Vaginal douching and the risk of ectopic pregnancy among black women

Article Abstract:

Women who practice vaginal douching may have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is one that becomes implanted in a fallopian tube, where it cannot survive. Researchers studied 197 black women who had surgery to remove ectopic pregnancies, 882 black women who gave birth to live or stillborn infants, and 237 black women who sought abortion, for risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Women who douched were 3.8 times more likely to experience an ectopic pregnancy. Vaginal douching is a common practice among black women. It may increase the risk of tubal infections.

African American women, Douching

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Estimates of the annual number of clinically recognized pregnancies in the United States, 1981-1991

Article Abstract:

Research on clinically documented pregnancies can provide denominators for calculating outcome-specific rates, including morbidity and mortality, to improve health care. Data from US pregnancies recorded between 1981 and 1991 show live births constituted 62.5% of total pregnancy outcomes; legal abortions, 21.9%; spontaneous abortions, 13.8%; ectopic pregnancies, 1.3% and fetal deaths 0.5%.

United States, Research, Models, Demographic aspects, Pregnant women, Pregnancy, Epidemiological research, Cross sectional studies

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