Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease

Article Abstract:

Cigarette smoking, both past and present, has been associated with an increased risk for infertility that originates in the fallopian tubes. Since pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, swelling in the reproductive structures) is a major cause of tubal infertility, the relationship between smoking and pelvic inflammatory disease was investigated. To see if smoking could be related to PID, 197 women with PID were compared with 667 women hospitalized for unrelated gynecological conditions. Selected characteristics such as age, race, education, number of recent sexual partners, frequency of intercourse, episodes of gonorrhea and the method of birth control used were evaluated to see if there were any factors obscuring results. Women who currently smoked (120 patients) were 1.7 times more likely to have PID than those who never smoked. Former smokers were 2.3 times more likely to have PID. The overall risk for PID among former and current smokers was two times greater than nonsmokers. Since many women are never hospitalized for PID, the full impact of smoking on PID was not realized. The age at which smoking began and the duration of smoking was not established, and therefore a dose-response relationship could not be determined. Evidence is mounting linking cigarette smoking to other gynecological problems. Although a direct causal relationship has not been confirmed, these results are highly suggestive that cigarette smoking is related to PID. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Risk factors, Physiological aspects, Tobacco, Adnexitis, Adnexal diseases

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Severity of pelvic inflammatory disease as a predictor of the probability of live birth

Article Abstract:

Severe pelvic inflammatory disease may reduce a woman's chances of becoming pregnant especially if she has recurring infections. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the female reproductive tract. Swedish researchers analyzed the birth rate in 1,288 women with pelvic inflammatory disease who were followed for up to 24 years. Within 12 years, 90% of the women with mild disease had given birth, 82% of those with moderate disease had given birth, and 57% of those with severe disease had given birth. Recurrent severe disease reduced the birth rate even more.

Health aspects, Complications and side effects, Pregnancy

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Treatment for lactation suppression: little progress in one hundred years

Article Abstract:

Many women who do not breastfeed their newborn infants may experience severe breast pain. Researchers analyzed the symptoms experienced by new mothers enrolled in the placebo group of studies evaluating specific drugs for postnatal breast pain. Overall, about one-third of these women experienced breast pain from lactation even though many used some non-drug method including tight brassieres or ice packs. There were few studies evaluating non-drug methods such as these.

Care and treatment, Prevention, Lactation, Mastalgia

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