Diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women

Article Abstract:

It has traditionally been assumed that obesity results from an energy imbalance, in that the amount of energy consumed exceeds the amount expended, or burned off. The excess calories are stored as body fat. However, the development of obesity may be more complicated than this simple concept suggests. Some studies have reported that obese persons did not consume more calories than nonobese individuals. One theory to explain this finding is that the composition of the diet, in terms of percentage of calories from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, influences the development of obesity. Several studies have noted that obese persons have a preference for foods high in either fat or sugar, or both fat and sugar; perhaps consumption of these foods leads a person to overeat in general. Despite all the research concerning obesity, the literature is lacking in studies that have used sound methods to measure the relationships among body fat (adiposity), diet composition, exercise, and energy consumption; the current study was designed to do so. The subjects, 107 men and 109 women, aged 18 to 71 years, were weighed underwater to determine percent body fat. Their eating and exercise behaviors were assessed by a questionnaire. No relationship was found between caloric intake, as reported by the subjects, and adiposity. Leaner subjects exercised more often than obese subjects. Diet composition was associated with adiposity; lean subjects derived more calories from carbohydrates and fewer calories from fats than subjects with more body fat. These results suggest that, in addition to calorie intake and exercise, diet composition may be influential in determining adiposity. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Causes of, Obesity, Body composition

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Nutritional therapeutics - the adventure continues

Article Abstract:

Even though nutrition as a science is always changing because of new knowledge and trends, the physiologic makeup of the human body stays the same. And even though the way our bodies digest and process our diets has not changed in many thousands of years, what we eat has changed drastically. The fresh, wholesome diets of our ancestors have been replaced by more convenient, ready-to-eat foods. Not only are we not hunting and gathering our food in the fresh air, our food supply is saturated with chemicals that are completely foreign to our systems. So it is easy to see that the quality of our food supply is weak. It is also evident that with modernization of food sources comes a higher incidence of certain diseases. Japan, which once had negligible rates of heart disease, can now rate it as a major concern. On the positive side lies the fact that many more people are asking questions about the origin of food than ever before; they want to know how it was grown and manufactured. The new food labeling agenda being addressed by the government is also a positive step. Consumers need to understand that if they want produce with less chemicals on it, they will have to accept flaws in the appearance of fruits and vegetables. Good health depends on good nutrition, which goes beyond meeting the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of known nutrients. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Food, Labeling, Food labeling

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Dietary risk factors associated with acute and persistent diarrhea in children in Karachi, Pakistan

Article Abstract:

Diarrhea is a major cause of childhood sickness and malnutrition in developing countries. Infant diet appears to be the most important factor in determining the incidence and severity of diarrhea. Breast feeding is recommended for the first six months, followed by the gradual introduction of nutritionally balanced weaning foods. It is well recognized that breast milk provides a better source of immunoglobulins (proteins involved in fighting infections) than infant formulas, and in developing countries breast feeding is recommended into the second year of life. It has been reported that feeding with infant formulas is associated with diarrhea, and that infants who are breast-fed have a lower risk of developing diarrhea than infants who are fed strictly with formulas. To determine if infant-feeding practices increase the risk of developing diarrhea, 265 infants living in Karachi, Pakistan were studied. The study included 100 infants with persistent diarrhea (PD), 79 with acute diarrhea (AD) and 86 without diarrhea (CG). Over 95 percent of the infants studied were breast-fed. However, diarrhea was more common among infants who began breast feeding at a later age and among those who received supplemental milk. It is concluded that certain infant-feeding practices may increase the risk of developing diarrhea. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Evaluation, Pakistan, Breast feeding, Diet in disease, Diarrhea in children, Childhood diarrhea, Infant formulas, Karachi, Pakistan

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