Energy-intake restriction and diet-composition effects on energy expenditure in men

Article Abstract:

Many people restrict energy (calorie) intake in order to reduce their body fat mass. However, many reports have described cases where individuals are apparently resistant to such reduction or cannot maintain it. This has been ascribed to a lower metabolic rate or more efficient use of food energy. Another factor which may contribute to difficulty in losing or keeping off body fat is the proportion of fat in the diet. Long-term low-fat diets have been reported to result in decreased body fat for individuals. The effect of energy intake restriction and diet composition on efficiency of energy use and weight loss was studied in eight moderately overweight men whose average age was 39 years. Subjects were first fed maintenance diets with enough energy to maintain body weight, then given diets containing half of maintenance diet calories for one month, then were returned to maintenance diets. Half the subjects' diets contained 40 percent of calories from fat, while the other half obtained 20 percent of calories from fat. Subjects lost approximately 10 pounds during the low-energy diet and body fat decreased by about 10 percent. Diet composition and weight loss had little effect on total daily energy expenditure (EE) or energy needed per pound of body weight. Energy use was more efficient for subjects on high-fat diets. Energy use efficiency appeared to increase after weight loss, supporting the idea of resistance to maintenance or progression of weight loss. Body fat stores were used to a greater extent during the low-calorie diet, but after weight loss, fat was increasingly retained, suggesting a fat-sparing effect. Use of carbohydrate or fat was related to dietary composition rather than changes in body composition. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Composition, Body composition, Weight loss, Diet

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Resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Article Abstract:

In order to maintain constant body weight the amount of energy consumed in the diet has to equal the amount of energy used, or calories burned, by the body during daily activities. Weight loss is common in patients with chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and in severe cases it can lead to body wasting (cachexia). A study was performed to measure the amount of energy required to maintain normal body functions (REE, resting energy expenditure) in 34 patients with COPD who had experienced weight loss, and to compare the results with REE measured in 34 patients with COPD who maintained normal body weight and in 34 healthy subjects. REE was determined using a procedure called indirect calorimetry. This procedure measures the rate at which oxygen is used by the body by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide that is given off in the breath. REE was significantly higher in the COPD patients who had lost weight than in the healthy subjects and in the COPD patients who had not lost weight. The severity of COPD was determined by measuring the amount of air that could be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second (FEV1, forced expiratory volume) and the total amount of air that could be forcefully exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath (FVC, forced vital capacity). The patients with COPD who had lost weight had poorer lung function than those who had not lost weight. The results of this study indicate that REE increases as the severity of the disease increases, and this contributes to weight loss. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Usage, Lung diseases, Obstructive, Chronic obstructive lung disease, Calorimetry

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Comparison of energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water technique with energy intake, heart rate, and activity recording in man

Article Abstract:

Daily energy expenditure was tested by comparing the results of a new technique with the results of other methods. Diary records of food consumption and physical activity were used to estimate average daily energy expenditure in six subjects aged 20 to 30 years living under normal conditions for two weeks. Energy expenditure was also estimated from heart rat recordings carried out on two randomly chosen days in the two week period. The new technique reported an average rate of energy expenditure twice the rate at which the subjects consumed energy at rest and nearly identical to their average rate of energy intake. Average energy expenditures calculated from the activity diaries and heart monitoring ranged, depending on the method of calculation, from 1.7 to 2.2 times the rate at which the body consumed energy at rest. The rate of energy consumption reported by the new and presumably much more accurate technique is much higher than the rate previously reported for similar sedentary people (1.25 times resting energy consumption), and thus explains how young students can avoid becoming overweight despite high energy intake.

Heart beat, Heart rate, Drinking (Physiology)

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