Estimated national spending on disease and injury prevention - United States, 1988

Article Abstract:

In 1988 the total spending on prevention was $32.8 billion, 0.7% of the gross national product (GNP). About half was spent by the federal government, the states spent 11%, local governments 7% and individuals and insurance companies, 31%. The prevention budget was about equally divided between preventive health services, health protection and health promotion. This prevention budget was 3% of the total national health expenditures. More precise information on the benefits of prevention services is required to develop more effective strategies. The prevention budget should be used to increase disease and injury prevention awareness, promote health behaviors, change the social and physical environment to eliminate exposure to disease and injury-causing factors and provide counseling and screening in clinical settings.

Economic aspects, Health promotion, Preventive medicine, Medicine, Preventive

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Cycles of malaria associated with El Nino in Venezuela

Article Abstract:

The El Nino weather pattern may be useful for predicting malaria outbreaks in Venezuela. El Nino is a 4-5 year cycle in ocean surface temperature associated with changes in rainfall. Researchers reviewing historical data found that malaria increased an average of 36.5% after El Nino events. Malaria deaths were more common following periods of low rainfall. The impact of drought on the mosquito that spreads malaria and the population susceptible to it may contribute to this pattern. Weather-based prediction of malaria epidemics may improve prevention and control measures.

Health aspects, Environmental aspects, El Nino, El Nino Current, Malaria

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Global Burden of Tuberculosis: Estimated Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality by Country

Article Abstract:

Tuberculosis still causes substantial illness and death, especially in Africa and Southeast Asia. Eighty-six tuberculosis experts from 40 countries analyzed the impact of tuberculosis worldwide. In 1997, there were about 8 million new cases of tuberculosis worldwide. Twenty-two countries accounted for 80% of all new cases, and more than half occurred in five Southeast Asian countries. Africa had the highest rates per capita. The death rate from tuberculosis averaged 32% but was as high as 50% in some African countries with high rates of HIV infection.

Statistical Data Included, Demographic aspects, Tuberculosis

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