Asperger's syndrome: who is being abused?

Article Abstract:

Autism is a rare condition that was first described in 1943 by the American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. Its cause is unknown, but it begins to affect children within the first 30 months of life. It is estimated to occur in 4 out of every 10,000 children and it appears to be more common in boys than in girls. Autistic children tend to keep to themselves instead of interacting with other children or adults. At about two and a half years of age the autistic child shows signs of difficulty in establishing personal relationships with other people and the development of speech may be delayed. Also, they may perform repetitive movements such as rocking back and forth. Asperger's syndrome is a milder form of autism, and some have speculated that it is perhaps more related to personality disorders. In many cases the parents feel that the condition is their fault and that they have neglected the emotional needs of their child. It used to be believed that child rearing practices were responsible for autism, but it is now known that this is not the case. Abnormal brain function is the most likely cause of autism, and it may be genetic. The cases are reported of six children who were referred for psychiatric evaluation because their emotional disturbances resembled those seen in children with autism. At first glance, all of the children appeared normal. However, after further examination it was found that all of the children had their own set ways of thinking and they showed no signs of human emotions or personal relationships. The children had no concept of friendship, did not socialize with other children, and had bizarre obsessions. All of the children were diagnosed as having Asperger's syndrome. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Psychological aspects, Behavior, Autism, Autistic children

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Article Abstract:

Children who require neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medication may develop side effects such as sedation, irritability, or apathy. However, more serious adverse effects are the extrapyramidal dystonia (movement disorder) reactions, Parkinsonism and akathisia. The Parkinsonism is similar to that in adults, and may be alleviated by benztropine or to some extent by benzhexol or orphenadrine. Akathisia, the other major dystonic reaction, features an overwhelming restlessness which may manifest itself as a repetitive pacing. Tardive dyskinesia, a late-onset reaction to antipsychotic medications, is characterized by irreversible development of rhythmic mouth and tongue movements and involuntary limb movements. Withdrawal of the medication is necessary. Withdrawal reactions may then occur, and they decrease only when drug therapy is restarted. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is the most serious side effect of antipsychotic medication, as it can be rapidly fatal. It is characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, altered sensation, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart and respiratory function. The syndrome may be associated with particular disorders or medications and may recur after spontaneous remission. Treatment includes control of fever and rehydration, medication withdrawal, and monitoring and support of vital body systems. Antidotes include dantrolene and bromocriptine. If the physician is aware of these potential complications, they can be diagnosed early with reduced risk of serious illness or death. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Causes of, Complications and side effects, Demographic aspects, Antipsychotic drugs, Antipsychotic agents, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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