Medical examination for health of all athletes replacing the need for gender verification in international sports: the International Amateur Athletic Federation plan
Article Abstract:
Women athletes competing in international events may no longer have to undergo sex chromatin genetic testing to confirm that they are female. In the past, athletes were suspected of being men competing illegally as women in international sports events to increase the chance of winning. During the 1960s, female athletes sometimes were required to undergo a physical inspection. The International Olympic Committee substituted chromatin testing for female athletes at the 1968 Olympic games. Cheek cells are analysed for active X chromosomes (female sex chromosomes). Chromatin testing can be unreliable, and does not take into consideration sex differentiation disorders in individuals who were raised as and consider themselves female. Complete chromosome analysis may be more reliable, but it still does not allow for sex differentiation disorders. In Nov 1990, the International Amateur Athletic Federation recommended that medical examinations to ensure the health of all athletes replace chromatin testing, especially since all athletes must provide a urine sample for drug testing while being observed by a sports official.
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 1992
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Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
Article Abstract:
Established diagnostic criteria and treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents are most likely appropriate and effective. Researchers reviewed medical literature from 1975 to 1997, and found that criteria used in the diagnosis of ADHD reliably identify affected patients and predict those likely to respond to treatment. Current estimates suggest that 3-6% of school-aged children have ADHD, and approximately 3% of students are treated with medication. Overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of ADHD is not significant.
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 1998
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Gender Verification in the Olympics
Article Abstract:
The International Olympic Committee has abolished gender verification, beginning with the 2000 Summer Games in Sydney, Australia. Gender verification tests were used to prevent male impostors from participating in female competitions.
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 2000
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