Reflux vomiting

Article Abstract:

Vomiting may occur by regurgitation of stomach contents due to gastroesophageal reflux, the backflow of stomach contents from the stomach to the esophagus. Vomiting may also result from the activation of an automatic vomiting response called the emetic reflex. Reflux vomiting is common in young infants, and if serious, may cause failure to thrive, inflammation of the esophagus, and various blood and respiratory complications. One study showed that reflux vomiting stops in most children by 18 months of age, but may continue in 30 percent of children until four years of age. The prevalence and incidence of complications of reflux vomiting are not known. The anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter, a circular muscle that controls the movement of food and fluids between the esophagus and stomach, are described. In addition, the mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux are discussed. The procedure for testing a child suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux involves assessment for: the presence and severity of gastroesophageal reflux; the presence of complications; and the occurrence of underlying disease that may be causing the gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux vomiting can be controlled by various techniques including positioning, thickening of feeds, medications, and surgery. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Care and treatment, Diagnosis, Children, Gastroesophageal reflux in children, Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux, Vomiting, Vomiting in children

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Colitis caused by food allergy in infants

Article Abstract:

Allergy to food is one major cause of colitis, the inflammation of the colon (the lower part of the large intestine), in children. The progression of the colitis is not clear, but may lead to inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease, which is characterized by inflammation of small intestine. Hence, colitis associated with food allergy may become a life-long problem or may resolve spontaneously. Features that distinguish colitis caused by food allergy from inflammatory bowel disease include the structural appearance of the colon; complete remission when the diet is free of the suspected allergy-causing food; association with atopy, or genetically based allergy; and absence of family history of inflammatory bowel disease. The cases of 13 children with colitis due to food allergy were reviewed five to 10 years after the initial diagnosis. The findings show that most foods were tolerated by the age of five years, and the colon appeared normal in the one patient who was examined. Most patients did not have a history of inflammatory bowel disease but had some atopic disorder. These results suggest that allergic colitis is transient disorder of early childhood. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Complications and side effects, Prognosis, Colitis, Food allergy in children, Pediatric food hypersensitivity

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Postprandial motor response of the small intestine to enteral feeds in preterm infants

Article Abstract:

In the premature infant, the gastrointestinal tract is usually not well developed, therefore nutrition is usually delivered intravenously (that is, parenterally as opposed to enterally). The effect of enteral feeding on the development of intestinal activity necessary to digest food (postprandial motor response) was observed in nine preterm infants (born between 28 and 42 weeks of gestation) on 23 separate occasions; no infant was studied more than 4 times. Postprandial activity was not observed in the smallest infants (less than 32 weeks' gestational age) who were receiving small amounts of food. Some postprandial activity was recorded in infants born at 31 to 35 gestational weeks who were receiving intermediate amounts of food. Continuous postprandial activity lasted up to two hours in infants born at greater than 35 gestational weeks who were receiving large amounts of food in one feeding. These results suggest that postprandial activity is dependent on the amount of food and length of time it is taken, but not on postconceptional or gestational age of preterm infants. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Physiological aspects, Demographic aspects, Enteral feeding, Enteral nutrition, Gastrointestinal system, Gastrointestinal motility

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