Smoking status: effects on the dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men

Article Abstract:

Smoking presents one of the greatest risks to public health, being causally related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease. Many adults continue to smoke, and this may be related to the adverse effects (disease) being long-term, while many pleasurable effects are short-term. One short-term consequence of smoking is lower weight, and people who stop smoking have been clearly shown to gain weight. However, few studies have carefully looked at the effect of smoking on body fat, while also assessing physical activity. This was done by studying 210 adult males, of whom 35 were cigarette smokers. Smokers were found to have lower total body fat, as estimated by skinfold measurements. Total calorie intake was similar, but smokers ate significantly lower amounts of fiber, slightly higher amounts of sucrose, and slightly lower amounts of protein. Smokers reported significantly lower levels of sports, leisure, and aerobic activities. The results indicate that differences in diet and exercise do not account for the lower body fat of smokers. This suggests that an altered metabolic rate may be the cause of lower weight in smokers, since they exercised less and consumed the same amount of energy as nonsmokers. However, more research is needed to determine the chronic effects of smoking on metabolism. In addition, the study looked at men only, but women smokers may experience more weight control effects than men, and this needs evaluation. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Smokers, Smoking, Body weight

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Dietary carbohydrate and intensity of interval swim training

Article Abstract:

Many collegiate athletes are required to train and compete at levels of intensity that deplete muscle glycogen content. Exercise intensity is limited by the amount of glycogen that can be stored in the exercising muscle. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effect of a high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet on exercise performance. Fourteen male collegiate swimmers were given a 4,400 kilocalorie high-CHO diet consisting of either 80 percent CHO, 13 percent protein, and 7 percent fat, or a moderate-CHO diet containing 43 percent CHO, 15 percent protein and 42 percent fat. The diets were followed for nine days and the swimmers were tested for training intensity, with swim distances ranging from 50 meters to 3,000 meters, on days five through nine. The average swim times, heart rates and perceived exertion levels were the same in both groups for all swim distances tested. The results suggest that a 4,000 kilocalorie daily diet containing 80 percent CHO does not give collegiate swimmers any advantage over a 43 percent CHO diet for maintaining exercise training intensity. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Physiological aspects, Exercise, Swimmers, High-carbohydrate diet, High carbohydrate diet

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