The comparative effect on bone density, endometrium, and lipids of continuous hormones as replacement therapy (CHART study): a randomized controlled trial

Article Abstract:

Daily estrogen and progestin appear to increase bone density in postmenopausal women without increasing the risk of breast or endometrial cancer. Researchers randomly assigned 1,265 postmenopausal women to various dosages of estrogen alone or estrogen plus a progestin called norethindrone acetate (NA). The highest dosages of estrogen increased bone density significantly, but also increased the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, which is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. There were no incidences of endometrial hyperplasia in the women who took estrogen plus NA. All hormone treatments also improved blood lipid profiles.

Dosage and administration, Norethindrone

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Effects of hormone-replacement therapy on fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women

Article Abstract:

Estrogen appears to lower blood levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), which could account for its ability to reduce a woman's risk of cardiovascular disease. PAI-1 inhibits the breakdown of blood clots, a process called fibrinolysis. Researchers measured PAI-1 in blood samples from 50 women who were on estrogen replacement therapy. Thirty women were taking oral estrogen and 20 were using an estradiol patch. Oral estrogen reduced PAI-1 levels by 50% and also increased fibrinolysis, as measured by chemicals produced during fibrinolysis. The estradiol patch had no effect on PAI-1 levels.

Measurement, Enzyme inhibitors, Fibrinolysis

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Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial

Article Abstract:

Estrogen and estrogen-progesterone combinations appear to increase bone mass in postmenopausal women. This was the conclusion of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial, which assigned 875 postmenopausal women to one of five groups: placebo, estrogen alone or estrogen in combination with various dosages of progesterone. Women in the placebo group lost almost 2% of bone mass at the spine and hip over 3 years but women taking progesterone and/or estrogen gained 3.5% to 5% bone mass during the study. Estrogen alone was just as effective as estrogen/progesterone.

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