The geographic distribution of measles in the United States, 1980 through 1989

Article Abstract:

Most cases of measles in the US occur in preschool children living in inner-city areas who have not been vaccinated. Between 1980 and 1990, 56,775 cases of measles were reported to the Centers for Disease Control. Measles cases were reported in 49 states and the District of Columbia, but over half of the cases occurred in California (14.4%), Texas, (11.7%), Illinois (9.4%), New York (8.6%) and Ohio (5.9%). Of the 3,137 counties in the US, 1,690 (53.9%) did not report any measles cases, and only 17 counties in seven states (0.5%) reported measles cases in each of the 10 years between 1980 and 1990. Counties that reported more measles cases had a larger than average population, a higher population density, and a higher percentage of blacks and Hispanic residents than those that reported fewer measles cases. In the counties that reported measles cases every year, most cases occurred in preschoolers who had not been vaccinated. Efforts to provide the measles vaccine to preschool children living in inner-city areas need to be intensified.

Pediatric diseases, Diseases

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The immunization of children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): the impact of different strategies

Article Abstract:

Incentives appear to improve immunization rates among children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Of 836 children eligible for the measles vaccine enrolled in a study, 74% received immunizations before the study concluded. The group was assigned to nearby WIC clinics using one of three strategies: referral, voucher or escort. Immunization rates were 5.5 times higher among children who were escorted by a health professional to the pediatric clinic than among children receiving simple referrals for immunizations. Children at escort sites were usually vaccinated within 14 days compared to 45 for referral sites and 26 for voucher sites. Families who were required to return monthly rather than every two months to pick up their WIC vouchers until their child was immunized also were much more likely to vaccinate the child. WIC is a government-sponsored program serving low-income families.

Social aspects, Management, Immunization of children, Immunization, United States. Food and Nutrition Service. Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children

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Measles herd immunity: the association of attack rates with immunization rates in preschool children

Article Abstract:

Increasing the number of preschool-age children who are vaccinated against measles can dramatically decrease the number of measles cases in a community. Data on the immunization of two-year-old children in 208 census tracts in Milwaukee in 1986 were compared to measles attack rates (the number of cases for every 1,000 people) between Sep 1989 and June 1990. Immunization rates (the percentage of children immunized) ranged from 36.4% to 90% and measles attack rates ranged from zero to 38.7 cases per 1,000 people. The higher the immunization rate in a census tract, the lower the measles attack rate. There were 11.6 cases of measles per 1,000 people in census tracts with average immunization rates of 50%, but there were no cases of measles in census tracts with average immunization rates of 81%. The decline in measles cases as immunization rates increased was true even in communities that had a high population density.

Vaccination of children, Vaccination, Wisconsin

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