Underinvestment, low economic returns to education, and the schooling of rural children: some evidence from Brazil

Article Abstract:

Brazil is a developing country which has attained moderate economic development and respectable growth rates. However, its literacy levels and economic returns to education are considered low compared to other developing nations with similar economic conditions. Social indicators were gathered from farmers and agricultural laborers in the Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais and Ceara regions. The rates of return to schooling were computed to be about 14% to 15%. These low returns are attributed to Brazil's inappropriate agricultural policies, the poor quality of education in the rural areas and the non-inclusion of low-income farmers in government aid programs.

Social aspects, Economic aspects, Education, Brazil, Academic achievement, Rural children, Human capital

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Female agricultural workers' wages, male-female wage differentials, and agricultural growth in a developing country, India

Article Abstract:

An analysis of Indian agricultural wages from 1966-1988 reveals that the earnings of female agricultural workers have increased but remain below those of male workers. Results also show that the Green Revolution has led to a rise in productivity and wage rates for female workers. However, rural labor laws, employer-employee relationships, female wage worker bargaining power and the rise of farm technology have widened the gap in male-female wage earnings.

Compensation and benefits, India, Agricultural laborers, Women farmers

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Democracy, economic freedom, fiscal policy, and growth in LDCs: a fresh look

Article Abstract:

Countries making the transition from socialist to market economies may experience extremely low growth if the incentive for investment in human capital is thwarted. An egalitarian income distribution policy negatively effects education. As well, a low rate of return to education will slow growth in socialist regimes.

Methods, Planning, Economic development, Capitalism

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