Horsepower from a horse

Article Abstract:

James Watt's definition of one horsepower (hp) is based on a sustained level of output; a horse is actually capable of over 12 hp in short bursts. Watt's calculations were based on the work that a horse did turning a mill shaft throughout a working day, and correlated with advice given on maintaining a draft horse's health and vigor. One horsepower equates to mechanical power of 100 to 200 Watts per kg of muscle, which corresponds to levels seen in human athletes.

Measurement, Horsepower

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A function for guttural pouches in the horse

Article Abstract:

Horses have a unique anatomical arrangement of their internal carotid arteries supplying blood to the brain, enveloped by a pair of air-filled guttural pouches. These pouches are used to cool the arteries during exercise, preventing the brain from overheating. Selective brain cooling in the horse may occur via the intracranial cavernous venous sinuses.

Horses

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Consequences

Article Abstract:

Issues concerning the social and philosophical consequences of developments made in biotechnology regarding the human brain.

Biotechnology

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