Production and function of cytokines in natural and acquired immunity to Candida albicans infection

Article Abstract:

Cytokines provide resistance to infections caused by the yeast Candida albicans in humans and mice. Production of cytokines is the function of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells in mice. T cells appear to play a role in the host response to mucocutaneous and other infections. The Th1 subset of the Th cells, which produces gamma interferon and interleukin-2, is involved in macrophage activation and resistance against reinfection. The Th2 subset, responsible for production of interleukins-4,-6, and -10, is associated with the development of chronic disease. Some variability depends on organs or strains, and molecular mimicry may also be involved.

Cytokines, Immune response, Candida albicans, Immune response regulation

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Neutrophil depletion increases susceptibility to systemic and vaginal candidiasis in mice, and reveals differences between brain and kidney in mechanisms of host resistance

Article Abstract:

Quantitative and qualitative changes in patterns of fungal growth and tissue damage take place following neutrophil depletion in C5-sufficient and C5-deficient mice. Neutrophil depletion increases susceptibility to both systemic and vaginal candidiasis. The fungal burden on the kidney increased threefold on the first day and 100-fold on the fourth day, with infection associated with massive tissue damage. An altered pattern of organ involvement was a remarkable feature of the disease in neutrophil-depleted mice. Minimal effect was detected in the brain, but the heart developed serious tissue damage after neutrophil depletion.

Mice, Mice (Rodents), Candidiasis, Neutrophils, Natural immunity

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T helper cell activation and human retroviral pathogenesis

Article Abstract:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) cause dysfunctional activation of T helper (Th) cells leading to cell death and cell proliferation respectively. Th cell activation is not only up-regulatory to HIV function and inhibitory to HTLV expression, but also results in two different survival strategies within the human host. Both viruses abolish T-cell activation signals to control their own replication and follow different Th-cell activation pathways. Receptor proteins such as CD proteins and cytokines play an important role in the activation process.

Development and progression, HIV infection, HIV infections, HTLV-I infections, Cell proliferation

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