How can cooperation be fostered? The cultural effects of individualism-collectivism

Article Abstract:

Studies of cooperation are abundant in the social sciences, but organizational researchers are calling for integrating the numerous conceptions of cooperation and meeting the new challenges of cultural differences. In this article we develop a culturally contingent model of cooperation. We differentiate various mechanisms from cooperative behaviors and theorize about how culture affects behavioral cooperation through mechanism selection or modification. Delineating cultural effects, we derive patterned differences in the instrumental and expressive motives of individualists and collectivists and propose six culturally contrasting cooperation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss directions for future research and consider implications for practice. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Models, Influence, Culture, Organizational behavior, Cooperation (Ethics)

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Self-Leadership: toward an expanded theory of self-influence processes in organizations

Article Abstract:

Members of organizations influence themselves to take actions that are not motivated by selfish interests; such self-influence affects organizational frameworks. An overview of organizational research in this area is provided, and a theory of self-leadership is evolved from these self-influence studies. These theories of self-leadership are also distinguished from theories of self-management and self-regulation. Self-management is described as individual strategies to facilitate meeting standards set for the individual; self-regulation is individual control to minimize deviation from standards. Self-leadership encompasses both self-management and self-regulation, with the added activity of assessing the desirability of the standards affecting the individual's behavior.

Research, Organizational effectiveness, Influence (Psychology), Personalism

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Individualism, collectivism, and entrepreneurship: a framework for international comparative research

Article Abstract:

The individualist and collectivist orientations of cultures can determine the type of entrepreneural activity present in the culture. The two key factors that determine the effect of orientation on entrepreneurship are the variety generation and resource leverage. Cultures with individualist orientation are good at variety generation but must work at resource leverage by inducing contractual relations. Collectivist-oriented cultures are weak at variety generation, however, their resource leveraging ability is their strength, relying on extended associations for the acquisition and supply of the needed resources for the enterprise.

Business, Entrepreneurship

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