The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice
Article Abstract:
Despite increasing attention on the topic of empowerment, out understanding of the construct and its underlying processes remains limited. This article addresses these shortcomings by providing an analytical treatment of the construct and by integrating the diverse approaches to empowerment found in both the management and psychology literatures. In addition, the authors identify certain antecedent conditions of powerlessness and practices that have been hypothesized to empower subordinates. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)
Publication Name: Academy of Management Review
Subject: Business, general
ISSN: 0363-7425
Year: 1988
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Transactional and transformational leadership: a constructive-developmental analysis
Article Abstract:
The transactional and transformational theories of leadership developed by Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) are clarified and extended by using a constructive-developmental theory to explain how critical personality differences in leaders lead to either transactional or transformational leadership styles. The distinction between two levels of transactional leadership is expanded, and a three-stage developmental model of leadership is proposed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)
Publication Name: Academy of Management Review
Subject: Business, general
ISSN: 0363-7425
Year: 1987
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