Kretek maker coughs up

Article Abstract:

Kretek cigarette manufacturer, Gudang Garam, was Indonesia's largest corporate taxpayer in 1990. Transparency resulting from the company's going public in Aug 1990, has attracted the interest of government revenue officials. Among the top ten individual taxpayers, seven are Gudang Garam's shareholders. This implies that manufacturers, not farmers, control much of the wealth in the cigarette industry, according to clove monopoly supporters in Indonesia. On the other hand, manufacturers caution against too many restrictions on an industry fundamental to Indonesia's economy.

Taxation

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Low-tech and labour driven

Article Abstract:

Indonesia's vast supply of cheap labor and natural resources is holding back the country's industrialization. Foreign investors are tempted to use the cheap labor offered by the country instead of investing in high-technology businesses. Two other factors that discourage foreign investments are the insufficiency of telecommunication, water and electrical facilities and Indonesia's ever-changing business regulations. The country depends mostly on its labor-intensive export-oriented manufacturing industries and the oil sector for its foreign-exchange earnings.

Analysis, Labor supply, Labor force, Industrial development, Industrialization

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Down on the farm: Vietnamese exporters' produce stays at home

Article Abstract:

Foreign agribusiness ventures into Vietnam encounter a host of problems, perhaps accounting for its low 5% share of all approved foreign investment since 1988. Despite official efforts to attract investors to agriculture and rural areas, businessmen say poor quality control, weak infrastructure, land disputes, local officials, and excessive shipping costs have bogged them down. Most want to export throughout Southeast Asia and even to Europe, and some are willing to shift their strategies to make the plans work.

Agriculture, Crop Production, Agricultural industry, International trade, Vietnam

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