Technology transfer: examples from Pakistan

Article Abstract:

Developing countries that try to expand exports and improve the efficiency of domestic industries rely on multinational corporations as the source for industrial technology. The problem faced by many of these countries is that their protectionist laws concerning foreign investment and technology transfer, while appropriate for an earlier phase of industrialization, are no longer viable. The paradox faced by these countries is that technological self-reliance requires their continued dependence on multinationals. Pakistan's experiences with resolving this problem are discussed. Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has so far failed to develop indigenous engineering capabilities, and has not succeeded in adapting its enterprises to meet local needs. The Pakistani government needs to encourage better relationships with multinational corporations.

Economic aspects, Economic development, Pakistan, Technology transfer

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Transnational strategic alliances: why, what, where and how

Article Abstract:

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly turning to transnational strategic alliances (TSAs) as a means of remaining competitive by extending the reach of their marketing without overextending their managerial resources. MNCs are using TSAs in order to take advantage of the limited window of opportunity that now characterizes new product development and marketing. TSAs are formed by two or more businesses in two or more countries that integrate deliverable capabilities and resources, including products, production facilities, and distribution and marketing channels, to exploit existing marketing opportunities. TSAs differ from traditional joint ventures and require new organizational structures and changes in the corporate culture to foster flexible and rapid response to changing market demands.

Joint ventures, Strategic alliances (Business), Industrial cooperation

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Multinationals and free trade: the implications of a US-Canadian agreement

Article Abstract:

The negotiations between the U.S. and Canada to eliminate trade and investment restraints between them are giving rise to concerns as to the impact on the Canadian economy and culture, and to the effect on U.S. corporate subsidiaries in Canada. A review of the free trade agreement and probable results upon the realization of trade liberalization indicates that U.S. firms, without protection, will withdraw from Canada. Canadian firms are not ready to compete in the U.S., or on world markets. The implications of the free trade policy led to recommendations that more time is necessary to prepare for liberalization, U.S. companies' withdrawal is to be anticipated, gradual liberalization is preferable, technology transfer must occur, and human resources must be emphasized.

Research, United States, Analysis, Canada, Economic policy, Business enterprises, Restraint of trade, Free trade, Commerce

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