Why are retail prices in Japan so high? Evidence from German export prices

Article Abstract:

The high prices of retail goods in Japan can be explained by either the high incidence of practices that discriminate against imports or by the comparatively high costs in the distribution of goods in the market. If higher non-tariff measures are responsible, foreign exporters charge for higher shipment prices for Japan than for other destinations due to higher rent associated with such barriers. If distribution cost is the cause, foreign export prices should not be regularly higher on shipments to Japan. Results from German export industries to the US, Canada, and the UK appear to support non-tariff practices as explanation for higher prices.

Administration of General Economic Programs, Trade Relations, Trade Barriers, Price Levels, Japan, Prices, International economic relations, Trade policy, Restraint of trade, Protectionism, Wage price policy

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On Pareto-improving voluntary export restraints

Article Abstract:

Binding voluntary export restraints (VERs) may increase the revenues of all companies and the welfare of all commercial partners. This situation is true when there is a Cournot oligopoly and agrees with the theory of the second best. VERs are usually advantageous for unrestricted companies but restricted enterprises may also benefit from VERs if the advantage from the increase in domestic import price outweighs the loss in market share.

Export controls

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Equilibrium retail distribution systems

Article Abstract:

Retail distribution may entail shared distribution or exclusive distribution systems. The waiting costs of altering distribution systems will determine which of these will happen in equilibrium. Low waiting costs enable a shared distribution system to be sustained as an equilibrium outcome. When waiting costs are high, lower upstream profit in a shared distribution system will follow.

Retail Stores, Retail Distribution, Distribution, Distribution channels

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