Planning for electronic data interchange

Article Abstract:

A model of strategic implementation is developed as a possible solution to the inability of numerous US business organizations to effectively plan their electronic data interchange (EDI) systems. The model is developed based on an extensive analysis of the EDI systems of numerous US firms and illustrates the dynamics of such systems in reference to supplier-customer relationship, as influenced by corporate structure, marketing and distribution channels, and buyer power. Five generic business strategies are formulated using the EDI model. These are the strategy in which retail firms follow the lead by suppliers and customers, the strategy in which EDI's functions in the supply chain are expanded, the new products and services strategy, the tie-in strategy, and the time-based competition strategy.

Models, Business planning, Management information systems, Electronic data interchange, EDI (Electronic data interchange)

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Environment, planning processes, and organizational performance of churches

Article Abstract:

Research dealing with strategic management concerns has rarely focused on churches, although their effect on individuals and society rivals that of many business organizations. A research sample of 175 churches was used to examine the association between church size and growth to planning processes and perceptions of the environment. Results suggested that perceptions of the environment such as the importance of environmental factors utilized in decision-making were associated with planning level sophistication. Planning sophistication was also found to be related to church size and growth.

Planning, Charitable trusts, Churches, Church buildings, Church

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ZBB, MBO, PPB and their effectiveness within the planning - marketing process

Article Abstract:

The reported failures of zero-based budgeting (ZBB), management by objectives (MBO), and planning, programming and budgeting (PPB) are based on an improper use of the techniques instead of some inherent fault within the techniques. ZBB, MBO, and PPB are designed to work in cooperation with an integrated planning - marketing process, not as a replacement of the process.

Management by objectives, Program budgeting, Zero-base budgeting

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