Estimates of trade effects of Portugal's and Spain's entry to the European Union

Article Abstract:

The trade effects of the entry of Spain and Portugal into the European Union in 1986 are studied. Results show that trade between Spain and Portugal increased. Spain's trade with EU increased although Portugal's exports to the EU declined. The entry of both countries into the EU also resulted in a decline in their trade with Africa, Latin America and other industrial countries. No conclusions were drawn from tests of theories of trade.

International trade, International relations, Spain, European Union, Portuguese foreign relations, Portugal, Spanish foreign relations

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Modelling quantitative trade restrictions: rationing in the Rotterdam model

Article Abstract:

A model of identifying whether consumer rationing occurs in economies where export restrictions have been imposed is presented. The model also helps in estimating the influence of rationing on a demand system based on the Rotterdammodel. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model, the effects of the UK's voluntary restriction of Council for Mutual Economic Assistance export footwearproducts on demand were evaluated.

Models, Analysis, Restraint of trade, Rationing

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World Trade Organization and the failure of Seattle

Article Abstract:

The World Trade Organization's Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle in 1999 is evaluated. The failure of the meeting to achieve its objectives is discussed.

United States, Economic policy, World Trade Organization

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