The impact of the Uruguay Round on tariff and non-tariff benefits to trade in the 'Quad.'

Article Abstract:

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has advocated the use of tariffs as opposed to non-tariff barriers to promote trade liberalisation in trading goods. Tariffs are seen as more easily manipulated through lower rates and multilateral reductions. Tariffs on industrial goods have declined to only 6.3% during the Uruguay Round in 1988 from some 40% in 1947. The use of non-tariff barriers, which are more difficult to account for, must be closely observed, especially in the traders such as the European Union, Japan, the US, and Canada, to prevent the loss of ground gained in tariff reduction.

Trade Barriers, Tariffs

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The role of tax expenditure reporting in a global economy

Article Abstract:

There are concerns that governments may utilize tax measures or expenditures as alternative measures to protect their local industries to counter the provisions of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade. Tax measures can be used as non-tariff protectionist measures. These measures, however, are very difficult to evaluate due to their lack of transparency and they provide benefits through tax deductions instead of direct subsidies. It was suggested that countries should promote transparency in their tax laws so that budgetary effects of tax concessions can be evaluated.

Analysis, Evaluation, Double taxation, Tax expenditures

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Some taxing questions for the multilateral agreement on investment (MAI)

Article Abstract:

The issue of taxation remains to be an important determinant in the successful implementation of multilateral agreement on investment (MAI). Provisions of the MAI should not serve as obstacles in the implementation of bilateral tax treaties network to achieve its goal towards the promotion and protection of foreign direct investments (FDI). Taxation also has to be addressed by the non-discrimination provisions of the MAI in order to prevent the exploitation of existing international tax laws that may result in the undermining of FDI.

Tax Treaties, International Affairs, Foreign investments, Taxation

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