The optimal organization of research: evidence from eight case studies of pharmaceutical firms

Article Abstract:

Vertical integration of research and development plays an integral role in the success of pharmaceutical firms. A case study on eight pharmaceutical firms proved that vertical integration of research and development is an efficient method of dealing with market failures, with focus, openness and incentives. However, there are some conditions that do not permit the adoption of vertical integration, such as low transaction costs, catch up or window on emergent technology and governmental policies.

Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical preparations, Methods, Pharmaceutical industry, Drugs, Research institutes, Vertical integration

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A theoretical model of government research and growth

Article Abstract:

A conceptual framework was formulated to assess the effects of government research on long-term growth. According to the framework, market production may not be directly affected by government research but may be indirectly affected through private research and innovation. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship exists between government research and growth. Expansions in government research limits growth once the government research sector grows at a certain size.

Research & Development-Government, Models, Economic aspects, Research and development contracts, Government, Government research and development contracts, Government research

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Moral hazard and optimal contract form for R&D cooperation

Article Abstract:

Companies establish either ex-ante cross-licensing agreements or joint ventures to carry out R&D. In cases when potential synergy effects are insignificant and the double moral hazard problem caused by unobservable R&D effort can be solved by an appropriate royalty system, the ex-ante cross-licensing agreements are more advantageous than joint ventures.

Evaluation, Joint ventures, Licensing agreements

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