The rise and decline of the 'male breadwinner family' in Britain

Article Abstract:

There were agreements on how family member should be supported and how labor should be divided within the household, with the rise of the male breadwinner as a family model during the 19th century. There was a belief in the need for a family wage, and the right of male breadwinners to obtain work before the rights of second wage earners should be considered. The trend toward a male breadwinner has been reversed, and with it some aspects of this agreement, which has led to problems. More married women are in work, and more households lack male partners. Women are still not fully integrated into the labor market. There is a need for a new set of agreements to tackle the problems relatingto this new model.

Working women

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Accounting for the family in European income tax systems

Article Abstract:

There are variations in the way thatthe income tax system treats families across Europe. Tax systems may be strong in terms of inter-familial distribution, but poor in terms of incentives for dependent spouses. Tax systems helping couples also tend to help children. Governments can seek to improve family welfare through measures geared to children, or through the way that couples are taxed. Independent taxation tends to be used in systems where mothers are expected to earn an income, while systems geared to helping couples with only one earner may encourage a parent to care for children rather than do paid work.

Taxation, European Union

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A Mediterranean perspective on the breakdown of the relationship between participation and fertility

Article Abstract:

Mediterranean countries have seen both low fertility rates and low rates of female participation in the labor force. Meanwhile, northern European countries with high participation rates are seeing a recovery in fertility rates. Mediterranean participation rates are also growing less rapidly than those of northern Europe. Mediterranean families tend to be more cohesive, and there is a family-centered welfare system. Children stay at home longer, and cost their more parents and make more demands on women. Portugal does not fit this model as well as do Italy, Greece and Spain.

Fertility, Mediterranean region

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