The worldwide standard of living since 1800

Article Abstract:

Living standards in England have improved since the 19th century, as have those of many less developed economies. Mortality and health have improved, and women's roles have altered, while illiteracy is vanishing. Rapid growth has often been preceded by more formal schooling, with life expectancy improvements following rapid growth. Correlations cannot be seen in terms of causation, since there are variations from one economy to another. History can provide economists with insights.

History, Cost and standard of living, Cost of living

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Using cross-country variances to evaluate growth theories

Article Abstract:

Most studies on empirical growth have examined growth theories through the estimation of regressions linking the per-capita-output growth rate for a sample of countries to initial per capita output and country features. However, the inferences from growth regressions are invalid except under significantly limiting conditions. An alternative using cross-country variances is developed and recommended as generating valid inferences under weak conditions.

International aspects, Economics

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Development, growth and policy reform in the Middle East and North Africa since 1950

Article Abstract:

The development history of the Middle East and North Africa region in the post-World War II era, with a focus on issues that are especially relevant to current efforts for economic and political reform is discussed. The study discusses reference to the Middle East corresponds to the operational definition of the Middle East and North Africa region used by the World Bank, which includes most member of the Arab league and Iran.

Government expenditures, Africa, Middle East, Northern Africa, Economic policy, Political reform, Economic reform

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