Under what circumstances, past and present, have international rescues of countries in financial distress been successful?

Article Abstract:

A history of the circumstances and outcomes of international rescue efforts of financial crises starting from 1825 during the period of the Gold Standard to the crises in the 1990s is presented. In the past, the rescues needed comparatively modest amounts of money and many of the rescues were successful. The latest rescues involve huge amounts of money which were given to foreign lenders and domestic investors in countries whose currencies were devaluated. A discussion of the lessons learned in international financial rescue efforts is presented.

International finance, Foreign loans, Foreign exchange market

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Optimal seigniorage and financial liberalization

Article Abstract:

A study was conducted to examine the impact of financial integration between countries which depend on their local financial system's method of taxation. A model depicting overlapping generations and explicit financial intermediation between two countries is developed. Governments earn income from seigniorage while setting inflation rates and reserve levels on bank deposits. Results show that expected liberalization makes government increase reserve ratios before it happens.

Financial intermediation

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How integrated are the money market and the bank loans within the European Union?

Article Abstract:

The European Community has been working towards the establishment of a single regional financial market and financial integration. Coordination of regional economic policy has been the goal of the European Monetary System, as a means of converging domestic inflation rates and reducing foreign exchange volatility. Research studies show that european domestic money markets are directly related to one another, but are affected independently with respect to local bank markets.

Administration of General Economic Programs, International Affairs, Interest Rates, Intnl Economic Policy, European Community, Economic policy, European Union, Monetary policy, Single European market

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