The regulation of retinoic acid formation

Article Abstract:

A number of complex regulatory mechanisms are involved in the formation of retinoic acid (RA), a hormone that regulates the genetic aspects of growth hormones, fetal development, and spermatogenesis. Retinol and beta carotene are stored and formed in the liver, followed by release into the bloodstream. The final transformation oxidizes retinol into retinal via two isozymes of the microsomal enzyme retinol dehydrogenase (DH). Due to differential action during RA conversion, it is assumed that two distinct cytosolic DHs exist.

Metabolic regulation, Tretinoin

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Nutritional and hormonal regulation of fatty acid synthase

Article Abstract:

A stretch of DNA next to the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene appears to be the site of action of regulatory mechanisms affecting fatty acid synthesis. FAS has a crucial role in fatty acid synthesis. High-carbohydrate, low-fat diets increase FAS levels, and fasting or high-fat diets suppress FAS levels. FAS gene expression is activated by carbohydrates, corticosteroids and insulin, and is deactivated by glucagon.

Fatty acids, Insulin, Fatty acid synthesis, Fasting, Glucagon

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Vitamin A functions in the regulation of the dopaminergic system in the brain and pituitary gland

Article Abstract:

Vitamin A (retinoic acid) and its receptors in the brain and pituitary gland regulate the dopaminergic system. In mice bred without one of the five dopamine receptors, D2R, impaired locomotor ability was similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease. In addition, the knock-out mice had pituitary tumors. Therefore, retinoic acid receptors are crucial for adult central nervous system function.

Vitamin A, Pituitary gland, Dopaminergic mechanisms

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