The deterrent impact of police: an examination of a locally provided public service

Article Abstract:

An urban crime deterrence model is developed and tested empirically. The model differs from earlier efforts in that the effect of local public sanctions is modeled through specification of local government's distributional goals and specification of safety production. A second departure from earlier work is that actual and reported criminal activity are separated theoretically and in the empirical work. Empirical testing of the model through a unique neighborhood data set indicates that police provide a significant deterrent to crime, but this deterrent effect cannot be shown without the distinction between reported and actual crime.

Safety and security measures, Cities and towns, Crime, Police, Police officers

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The identification of urban employment subcenters

Article Abstract:

Empirical criteria for identifying urban employment subcenters are proposed. The best measures to identify areas as employment subcenters are gross employment density and the employment-population ratio. The gross employment density is employment divided by total land area. These measures are applied to employment subcenters in the Chicago standard metropolitan statistical area in 1970.

Economic aspects, Urban economics

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Using quantile smoothing splines to identify employment subcenters in a multicentric urban area

Article Abstract:

This article examines employment subcenters in multicentric urban areas, focusing on employment density by using quantile smoothing splines. Results reveal the effects of distance from central business districts on employment, and influence which subcenters have on surrounding areas.

United States, Social aspects, Statistical Data Included, Central business districts, Urban cores

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