Adrenergic receptors - evolving concepts and clinical implications

Article Abstract:

Research is increasing knowledge about the complexity of adrenergic receptors that should eventually prove useful in developing new medications. Adrenergic receptors mediate the adrenalin response at the cellular level. Adrenergic receptors are found embedded in the cell membranes of cells from almost every organ system. Increasing numbers of receptor subtypes have been identified, which should permit tailoring medications to particular purposes without producing unwanted effects elsewhere. When the receptor receives the appropriate molecule, it links to a G protein, which, like the receptors, comes in several subtypes. The G protein in turn links to a variety of molecules within the cell, which act as messengers. The messenger molecule then directs the cell to respond to the external adrenalin stimulus in a particular way. Abnormalities in adrenergic receptors have been implicated in such problems as nighttime asthma, congestive heart failure, and aberrations of glucose metabolism leading to obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes.

Epinephrine, Adrenergic receptors, Beta adrenoceptors, Adrenergic beta receptors

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Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators

Article Abstract:

Beta-2-adrenergic agonists may be used to safely and effectively treat constriction of airflow in people with asthma. The intermediate types of these drugs act for 3 to 6 hours, while long-acting types act for more than 12 hours. These bronchodilators may be given by inhalation, orally, or by injection. Side effects of the drugs include tremor, accelerated heart rate, blood vessel dilation, and bronchospasm in isolated cases. Prolonged use of the drugs leads to decreased sensitivity and loss of protection against agents that cause airway constriction, such as histamines and exercise. Although there have been conflicting studies, regular use of these drugs does not appear to cause serious side affects. Short-acting and intermediate agonists may be used when asthma symptoms occur. Long-acting agonists should be used twice a day and are most effective in preventing asthma attacks at night and during exercise. These drugs may also be used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Health aspects, Adrenergic beta agonists, Adrenergic beta-agonists

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Actions of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptors

Article Abstract:

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) appears to play an important role in bone development. A 1996 study found a mutation in the receptor for PTHrP in a patient with a bone disease called Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. This results in excess calcium in the blood and short stature. PTHrP mobilizes calcium from bone. It is found in many tissues besides bone, including skin, brain, uterus, blood vessels and smooth muscle. The action of PTHrP locally may be responsible for physiological effects ascribed to parathyroid hormone.

Editorial, Genetic aspects, Peptide hormones, Hormone receptors

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