Comparison of cocaine and opiate exposures between young urban and suburban children
Article Abstract:
Similar numbers of young urban and suburban children may be exposed to cocaine and narcotics. Researchers analyzed urine samples from 1,011 primarily low-income urban children and 458 mostly middle-class suburban children who were attending hospitals, clinics, and pediatric offices for minor illnesses or well-child check-ups. The average age was 23 months and ranged from 1 to 60 months. Overall, 5.6% of urine samples tested positive for either cocaine or opiate breakdown products. Among urban children, 2.8% tested positive for opiates versus 2.2% of suburban children. Overall, 3.1% tested positive for cocaine with similar percentages of urban and suburban children testing positive. Fourteen children were breastfed, none of whom tested positive. Children could be exposed to cocaine by passive absorption of crack cocaine smoke. No explanation was given for how children could be exposed to narcotics other than that poppy seeds and certain cold and cough medicines could produce false positives.
Publication Name: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 1072-4710
Year: 1995
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Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population: evidence for large-scale vaccination failure
Article Abstract:
A mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated group of high school students illustrates the consequences of vaccine failure. Between October and November of 1990, 54 high school students in Floyd County, Texas developed mumps. Fifty-three had received one or more doses of the mumps vaccine. Band members were the first students affected by the outbreak. Seventy-seven percent of mumps cases developed 12 to 20 days after an all-school pep rally. Vaccine failure was three times as common in females as in males. Students who received vaccines in sites other than the public health clinic were two to three times as likely to experience vaccine failure as other students. The mumps vaccine was 82% effective, based on the infection rate of 18%. Two doses of the mumps vaccine may prevent outbreaks of the disease fueled by vaccine failure.
Publication Name: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 1072-4710
Year: 1995
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Cell-mediated and antibody responses to Bordetella pertussis antigens in children vaccinated with acellular or whole-cell pertussis vaccines
Article Abstract:
Infants immunized against whooping cough with an acellular vaccine appear to develop better cell-mediated immunity (CMI) than babies immunized with a whole-cell vaccine. Researchers randomly assigned 142 infants to immunization with a whole-cell whooping cough vaccine or one of two types of acellular vaccine. Immunization success was evaluated by assessing the increase in white blood cells from blood samples when cultured with whooping cough proteins. Forty-six percent of infants receiving the whole-cell vaccine had a CMI-positive response versus 55% and 83% of infants receiving one or the other acellular vaccines.
Publication Name: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 1072-4710
Year: 1997
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