DNA vaccines -- designer vaccines for the 21st century

Article Abstract:

DNA vaccines may help the immune system create a cellular response to a foreign invader. Most vaccines work by creating antibodies against proteins on the organism's surface. This antibody response is called a humoral response. However, the immune system also has cells such as T cells that can fight infectious organisms. A vaccine that triggers the production of these cells could be more effective in preventing infections that cannot be prevented by an antibody response. DNA vaccines are taken up by cells and then presented on the cell surface. This triggers the cellular immune response.

Innovations, Vaccines

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The AIDS epidemic: considerations for the 21st century

Article Abstract:

Efforts to control HIV infection in the 21st century must focus on prevention. As of 1998, approximately 650,000 to 900,000 Americans are infected with HIV and 410,800 have died from AIDS. Drug combinations have been developed that can suppress viral levels in the blood, but they apparently do not eradicate the virus completely. They are also expensive and out of the reach of many developing countries. Fortunately, people can protect themselves from HIV by changing their behavior. Researchers continue to work on a vaccine, but none is available as the 20th century comes to an end.

Analysis, AIDS (Disease)

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The Apgar score in the 21st century

Article Abstract:

The Apgar score that is used to assess all newborn babies is still effective 50 years after it was introduced in 1952. A study of 151,891 newborn babies published in 2001 found that it was very effective in predicting which babies would survive and which would not.

Editorial, Evaluation, Medical examination, Infants (Newborn), Apgar score, Neonatal screening

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