Diagnosing latent and active pulmonary tuberculosis: a review for clinicians

Article Abstract:

A variety of methods are available for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Clinicians should be aware of the limitations associated with each diagnostic tool and the way accuracy is affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Any unexplained cough that lasts two to three weeks raises the possibility of TB, especially when accompanied by factors such as compromised cell-mediated immunity, past exposure, or residence in high-prevalence locations. When suspicion arises from the medical history, the diagnosis can be securely established by the systematic administration of skin tests, radiography and sputum microbiology.

Tuberculosis

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HIV case study

Article Abstract:

Protease inhibitors are best prescribed for patients who can live independently under moderate self-discipline and who are capable of managing combined therapies. AZT resistance usually occurs between 6 months and one year after beginning treatment, and repeated viral load testing can monitor this resistance. However, there is a wide variety of response to the HIV epidemic, and each client must be individually evaluated, preferably on a daily basis.

Care and treatment, Practice, Nurse practitioners, HIV infection, Drug therapy, HIV infections, Zidovudine

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Diagnosing microcytic anemia in adults

Article Abstract:

Microcytic anemia is the result of a low number of red blood cells, smaller than normal cells, and inadequate hemoglobin synthesis. Hemoglobin counts and serum iron studies are helpful in diagnosing anemias. Health care providers should familiarize themselves with factors affecting hemoglobin levels such as age, race, sex, and lifestyle. Different causes of microcytic anemia include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and lead poisoning.

Anemia

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