Placental and fetal Doppler velocimetry in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus

Article Abstract:

Abnormalities in placental or fetal circulation may not occur in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Maternal diabetes mellitus may cause different types of abnormalities in a developing fetus. A study examined placental and fetal circulation in 65 pregnant women with diabetes mellitus using Doppler velocimetry. Fifty-four women did not experience any complications and delivered healthy infants. Six women had kidney disease and two delivered infants with a low birth weight. Two women developed preeclampsia, or hypertension with fluid collection and increased levels of protein in the urine, and delivered infants with growth retardation. One woman had an elective delivery after a abnormal fetal heart rate was detected. No abnormalities in placental or fetal circulation were detected using Doppler velocimetry except in the women with preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation.

Placenta

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First trimester nuchal translucency and cardiac septal defects in fetuses with trisomy 21

Article Abstract:

Fewer live-born infants with trisomy 21 have heart defects than do fetuses with trisomy 21. Trisomy 21 is a genetic defect where there is an extra chromosome and is the cause of Down syndrome. Researchers analyzed the hearts of 36 fetuses with trisomy 21 aborted in the first trimester of pregnancy. Twenty of the fetal hearts had defects in the wall that divides the chambers of the heart. Nineteen fetuses had abnormally thin tissue at the back of the neck, a condition which may cause fluid to buildup in the jugular veins especially when heart defects are present. The 56% rate of heart defects among the fetuses is much higher than that of live-born infants with trisomy 21. The fetuses also had a higher incidence of fluid in the neck. Reasons for this may be that more fetuses with heart defects die before birth, or that defects correct themselves before birth.

Diagnosis, Down syndrome, Neck, Fetal heart

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Fetal pancreatic beta-cell function in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus: relationship to fetal acidemia and macrosomia

Article Abstract:

The increased risk of fetal acidemia and macrosomia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus may be caused by abnormalities in fetal pancreatic beta-cells. Fetal acidemia is decreased fetal blood pH, and fetal macrosomia is increased body size. Among 112 pregnant women, 32 had diabetes mellitus and 80 did not (control group). The average pH of umbilical cord blood was lower and birth weight was higher in the pregnancies complicated by diabetes melitis than in the control group pregnancies. Insulin immunoreactivity and insulin-glucose ratio were also higher than normal in the pregnancies complicated by diabetes melitis. Abnormalities in fetal pancreatic beta-cell function may be caused by hyperplasia, which is an abnormal increase in the number of cells.

Complications and side effects, Fetal macrosomia, Pancreatic beta cells

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