Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias

Article Abstract:

In recent years, a number of reports have shown that administering estrogen to women after menopause will reduce their risk of heart disease. The design of these studies, however, may have selected subjects who were otherwise likely to have reduced heart disease risk. For example, most of the subjects studied were white, middle class, and well-educated, all of which are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease. Furthermore, those women who are motivated enough to take a medication on a daily basis to reduce their risk of heart disease are probably the same women who will make other lifestyle changes that might reduce their risks. Over 1000 women being studied for the frequency of their estrogen use were polled over 3 years to determine what lifestyle changes they might also have made. Women who used estrogen were found to be significantly more likely to exercise, lose weight, eat healthier diets, and reduce stress. They were also far more likely to have visited doctors during the time of the poll. Thus, some of the studies that have found great benefit in the use of estrogen to reduce heart attack risk may suffer from a particular bias, in that the women studied may be healthier than the general population, and their reduced risk may result, at least partly, from factors other than their estrogen therapy. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Complications and side effects, Demographic aspects, Menopause, Estrogen, Estrogens

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Physical activity and the risk for heart disease and stroke in women with diabetes

Article Abstract:

Physical activity can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke in women with type 2, or adult onset, diabetes. This was the conclusion of a study of 5,125 women who were followed for 14 years. Even brisk walking lowered the risk compared to women who walked slowly.

Type 2 diabetes, Exercise, Complications

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Postmenopausal hormone use and primary prevention of heart disease and stroke in healthy women

Article Abstract:

Postmenopausal hormone therapy may reduce the risk of a future heart attack in women, according to a long-term study of 70,533 healthy women. However, certain doses of estrogen or combinations of estrogen and progesterone may increase a woman's risk of stroke.

Risk factors

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