Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy
Article Abstract:
Hormone-replacement therapy for postmenopausal women that combines estrogen and progestin may be more effective than estrogen alone in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have suggested that progestins may reduce the risk of estrogen-induced endometrial cancer, but that they may at the same time negate estrogen's favorable influence on cardiovascular disease. Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) and triglycerides are thought to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease while high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are thought to lower it. A recent study comparing postmenopausal women who had never taken hormones with women who had taken estrogen and women who had taken estrogen and progestin found that levels of HDL were higher in hormone users than in non-users. Levels of HDL cholesterol were similar in women who took only estrogen and women who took both estrogen and progestin. Levels of lipoprotein(a) and triglycerides were lower in women who took both estrogen and progestin than in women who took estrogen only.
Publication Name: The New England Journal of Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0028-4793
Year: 1993
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Exercise for women - how much pain for optimal gain?
Article Abstract:
Moderate exercise may be more beneficial for women than vigorous exercise. Many studies have shown that a regular program of exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and the complications of obesity. A 1996 study found that the more intensely women exercised, the higher their blood levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol rose. HDL cholesterol is believed to protect people from heart disease. However, vigorous exercise and the weight loss that can accompany it can also cause abnormal menstrual cycles, loss of bone and infertility. In addition, the exercise can directly lead to musculoskeletal injuries, which occur in 35% to 65% of runners. Moderate activity can provide substantial health benefits and is a more reasonable goal for most sedentary Americans. In 1995, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended 30 minutes of moderately intensive activity on most if not all days of the week.
Publication Name: The New England Journal of Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0028-4793
Year: 1996
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Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy
Article Abstract:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) will not necessarily prevent heart disease in postmentopausal women and may even have other adverse effects. The risk of adverse effects may be greater the longer HRT is used. Other alternatives are available for women who want to prevent osteoporosis.
Publication Name: The New England Journal of Medicine
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0028-4793
Year: 2001
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