Affirmative action, political representation, unions, and female police employment

Article Abstract:

Using data from three time periods (1981, 1987, and 1990/91), we analyze the factors that affect the hiring of female officers by municipal police departments. We find that affirmative action litigation significantly increased hiring of new female recruits, but female political representation in the form of female city councilors or mayors did not significantly affect the gender composition of police recruits. Consistent with co-worker discrimination, we find that hiring of female recruits is negatively related to the proportion of males already employed in the department. Furthermore, male-dominated departments are more likely to employ fitness exams for recruits (a potential barrier for women) than are more integrated departments. The effect of a police union is mixed; there is some evidence that unions boost the hiring of female officers, yet unions are also associated with an increased likelihood of using fitness exams to screen new recruits. (Reprinted with permission by author.)

Social aspects, Labor relations, Police, Police officers, Representative government and representation, Representative government, Policewomen, Women police officers

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Discipline and due process in labor unions

Article Abstract:

This article examines the implications of bureaucratization for discipline and due process within labor organizations. Two perspectives on these relations were developed from the literature on union governance and tested with data from union constitutions and other secondary sources. The extent of due process protections was positively related to both bureaucratization and the number of grounds for discipline. The results support the solidarity perspective, which posits a convergence of union leaders' and members' interests. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Research, Discipline, Labor unions, Employee discipline

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