The effect in national legal systems of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age as a general principle of community law: Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v. Rudiger Helm [2005] ECR 1-9981

Article Abstract:

The impact of the European Commission (EC) prohibition on age discrimination in the national legal system is examined. The decision of the Court of Justice in Werner Mangold v. Rudiger Helm (2005) is very important due to its direct effect of general principles of law and the possibility to rely on the prohibition against age discrimination in national law on employment contracts in particular.

Company legal issue, Cases, Employment discrimination, Age discrimination, Law overview

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Reverse discrimination in purely internal situations: an incongruity in a Citizens' Europe

Article Abstract:

It is argued that the stand taken by the Court of Justice according to which reverse discrimination in purely internal situations falls outside the scope of EC law needs to be reconsidered. It is emphasized that this situation needs to be urgently redressed in order to rectify an unjustified violation of a basic principle of a CitizenEs Europe.

Public affairs, Social aspects, Reverse discrimination, Freedom of movement

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Regional integration: whither the Arab free trade area?

Article Abstract:

The obstacles to Arab economic integration and the role political and economic factors play in achieving this goal with a need for fundamental structural changes in Arab economic integration agreements is presented.

Management dynamics, Management, Economic aspects, Political aspects, European Union, Commercial treaties, Trade agreements, Company business management, Arab countries, Free trade areas

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