Deciding on equity or parity: a test of situational, cultural, and individual factors

Article Abstract:

Americans and Chinese individuals are found to be receptive to situational factors, such as task interdependence and system goals. Both groups prefer equity in situations of low interdepence and productivity goal. However, they lean towards parity under conditions of high interdependence and the solidarity goal. In collectivist cultures, high achievers consider parity rewards allocation as more useful in achieving goals. Those cultures also considered achievement motivation as social-oriented since the standards of excellence and performance are established by family, peers or the society in general.

Behavior Theory, Social aspects, Human behavior, Individualism, Organizational behavior, Collectivism

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The congruence of motives and incentives in a voluntary organization

Article Abstract:

A study utilizing two competing models that explore the congruence of motives and incentives was conducted on 201 volunteers associated with United Way of America Inc.. Results indicate that the congruence model is associated with job satisfaction and that the incongruence model is associated with high performance. Charitable organizations must understand the motivations of their volunteers in order to implement incentives which will increase performance or job satisfaction.

Psychological aspects, Officials and employees, Charitable trusts, Volunteers, United Way of America Inc.

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The effects of proximal and distal goals on performance on a moderately complex task

Article Abstract:

The effect of goal-setting on the performance of a moderately complex task was investigated by asking a group of young adults to make toys on a piece rate basis in a business-like environment. Results showed that the establishment of proximal goals enhanced initial perceptions of self-efficacy in reaching distal goals. Results also revealed that the assignment of proximal goals improved task persistence and the attainment of both distal and proximal goals.

Motivational Techniques, Sales management, Goal setting

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