Raf-1 kinase is essential for early Xenopus development and mediates the induction of mesoderm FGF

Article Abstract:

The dominant negative Raf-1 mutant, termed RAF, was expressed in Xenopus embryos by RNA injection to assess its impact on fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-induced mesoderm formation, and on later developmental events. The NAF selectively blocked the mesoderm-inducing action of FGF, resulting in embryos with severe posterior truncations. NAF had no effect on the activin stimulated formation of mesoderm. These findings suggest that Raf-1 mediates the developmental effects of FGF during vertebrate mesoderm induction and is important for the development of posterior structures.

Protein kinases, Fibroblast growth factors

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Interaction of 14-3-3 with signaling proteins is mediated by the recognition of phosphoserine

Article Abstract:

Proteins of the 14-3-3 family are well expressed in a variety of eukaryotes. While the 14-3-3 proteins are known to be involved in both cell cycle regulation and signal transduction, the specificity and nature of 14-3-3 binding is not known. However, it can be demonstrated that 14-3-3 proteins are phosphoserine-binding proteins. Moreover, research reveals that serine/threonine phosphorylation play important roles in the assembly of protein-protein complexes, suggesting that 14-3-3 interactions are critical to the activation of signal proteins.

Cellular signal transduction, Cell cycle, Phosphorylation, Signal peptides, Enzyme activation

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Xenopus Mad proteins transduce distinct subsets of signals for the TGFbeta superfamily

Article Abstract:

The Xenophus Mad(mothers against dpp) genes are intracellular transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) components that activate TGFbeta pathways. The Xmad1 and Xmad2 proteins induce the ventral globin and dorsal actin mesoderm during the process of embryonic induction. The translocation of Xmad proteins are initiated by ligand dependent changes from one compartment to another. The Xmad1 transduces bone morphogenic protein set signals for the ventral mesoderm while Xmad2 transduce s activin/Vg1/nodal/TGFbeta signals for the dorsal mesoderm.

Transforming growth factors, Transduction, Transduction (Genetics)

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