The initiation of the limb bud: growth factors, hox genes, and retinoids

Article Abstract:

Sustained proliferation of the lateral plate mesoderm cells at the correct axial levels when cell growth in the rest of the flank stops leads to start of limb bud formation. The growing mesenchymal cells interact with the overlying ectoderm. Patterning and growth during limb development are organized by the interactions between apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity. The FGF8 and Hoxb-8 are proteins that participate endogenously in limb bud formation. Mesodermal Hoxc-8 expression domain is shifted by ectopic retinoic acid treatment.

Genetic aspects, Mesoderm, Cell proliferation, Tretinoin

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Uncoupling of Grb2 from the Met receptor in vivo reveals complex roles in muscle development

Article Abstract:

Previous studies have reported that the activities of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, the Met tyrosine kinase, are mediated by specific downstream signaling pathways. Herein, replacement of the wild-type Met receptor with signaling mutants produced phenotypes characteristic of those produced by met and hgf null mutants such as embryonal death and placenta, liver and limb muscle defects. It was suggested that Met could be required to mediate a pathway in late myogenesis.

Myogenesis

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Rethinking the proximodistal axis of the vertebrate limb in the molecular era

Article Abstract:

The structure and development of the human arm is used as a basis to study the more complex changes taking place with relevance to cells in the complex development of the anatomical structure.

Vertebrates, Anatomy

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