Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: pitfalls in multilevel research
Article Abstract:
Cross-level inference problems have long hampered organizational and psychological climate research, with it suggested here that organization be treated as the unit of theory for organizational climate while saving the individual as the unit of theory for psychological climate. Multilevel conceptual problems in climate research are examined, and strategies for improving the validity and assessing the reliability of measurement are discussed. Directions for further research on multilevel research on climate and related areas of organizational science are discussed, specifically research on organizational culture.
Publication Name: Academy of Management Review
Subject: Business, general
ISSN: 0363-7425
Year: 1985
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A critical theory of organization science
Article Abstract:
An evaluation of organization science, using critical theory, focuses on the social and political interaction among the researcher and his organization, the practitioner, and members of the studied organization. Critical theory involves the evaluation of the epistemological underpinnings of organization theory and a critique of its practical applicability in light of its theoretical bases. The critical theory analysis suggests that future organization research should be more descriptive, and possible avenues such research could take are also suggested.
Publication Name: Academy of Management Review
Subject: Business, general
ISSN: 0363-7425
Year: 1986
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