China's three encounters

Article Abstract:

China has made contact with other civilizations in three phases, and the first and third phase have been positive, but the second less so. The first phase, in the Tang dynasty, brought benefits from foreign cultures, religion and trade. The second, in the mid 19th century, involved aggression against China and unequal treaties, and British Hong Kong was set up in this period. The third phase began with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms and has involved peasants and workers becoming keen consumers and productive in their work. China seeks respect following past humiliations, and the past has to be understood for the present to make sense.

China, Column, History, International relations, Hong Kong-China reunification question

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An exploration of the comparability of semantic adjectives in three languages: a magnitude estimation approach

Article Abstract:

A magnitude scaling technique was used to identify the interval nature of semantic scale adjectives during translation/back translation of the Japanese, English and Putonghua Chinese languages. Results reveal that response intervals derived from conventional translation/back-translation method cannot be cross-culturally compared. Results also show that native speakers attach different meanings to the adjectives.

Analysis, Grammar, Comparative and general, Grammar, Semantics, Translating and interpreting, Translation (Languages)

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The effect of axis rotation on distance estimation

Article Abstract:

A study was conducted to examine the usefulness of the weighted l(sub p) norm as a measure of distance when axis rotation is considered in road distance estimation. The results showed that for road networks with a significant amount of rectangular travel, big improvements in accuracy were obtained. This means that if reference axes are properly oriented, the use of the weighted l(sub p) is useful in practice.

Measurement, Roads, Distances, Distance measurement

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