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Article Abstract:

Mixed views continue to be expressed about minimum reserve requirements. These are cash balances that commercial banks are obliged to leave with their central bank. Conflict on this issue is one factor hampering progress towards European economic and monetary union. There has been fierce debate at the European Monetary Institute, which must put together policy proposals by the first quarter of 1997. France and Germany believe that banks should be required to keep reserves, while the UK and a number of other countries believe that minimum reserve requirements serve no real purpose.

Administration of General Economic Programs, Intnl Economic Policy, Planning, International economic relations, European Monetary System

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New hurdles

Article Abstract:

Foreign banks in China face new regulations which could push up lending costs to prohinitive levels. Banks have not been permited to lend in China's currency until recently, and they are unable to accept retail deposits. They could borrow from Chinese banks. Regulated interest rates are a way of subsidizing major state banks, and local currency regulations also affect foreigners. Foreign governments appear reluctant to protest about Chinese bank regulation policies.

China

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Forced devotion

Article Abstract:

The impact of a move in Pakistan to Islamic methods of banking is examined in detail.

Economic aspects, Pakistan, Islam

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