Fighting apartheid - the real costs

Article Abstract:

British trade sanctions against South Africa are discussed in terms of their effect on the British economy. In 1985, British exports to South Africa totaled more than one billion pounds sterling and British imports from that nation totaled 990 million pounds; however, South African trade represents only 1.25 percent of total British exports and imports. Of British imports of South African goods, 38 percent is represented by natural resource commodities (such as metals), 15 percent is food products, and 44 percent is manufactured items (the category in which diamonds are included). British exports to South Africa consist primarily of manufactured items and chemicals. Consequently, decreased South African trade would not hurt the British economy, since new export markets could be found and the imported items are not essential. The elimination of trade with South Africa could, however, cause the layoff of 45,000 individuals, bringing Britain's unemployment level up to 11.9 percent from 11.7 percent. In addition, eliminating South African commodities from British markets would raise market prices and increase British inflation.

United Kingdom, Economic aspects, South Africa, International economic relations, Economic sanctions, Sanctions (International law), British foreign relations, Trade policy, South African foreign relations, International trade regulation, Commercial policy, Embargoes

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Raiders invaders or simply good traders?

Article Abstract:

Japan is rapidly becoming both a technological and an economic superpower, which has caused varying reactions in competing nations. To ease trade friction, Japanese government officials have encouraged overseas investments, which have been growing at a rate of 20 percent per year. Since 1976, Japan's overseas investments have shifted from developing countries to Western industrialized nations, due to a shift in the type of industry the country focused upon. Japan's involvement in British industry started in the 19th century. Japanese businesses in London include 29 banks, 52 securities firms, and over 20 insurance firms. London has welcomed Japanese investment in the City. The advantages and disadvantages of Japanese investment in England are briefly discussed.

Japan, Economic policy, England

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Exports made easy

Article Abstract:

Exporters can improve their chances of penetrating overseas markets by pricing and invoicing their goods in the buyers' currency. This relieves the buyer of foreign currency risk exposure. Exporters who lack the expertise or resources to conduct their own foreign exchange can use the facilities provided by The Export Finance Company (Exfinco). Exfinco is a treasury service comparable to those operated by multinational companies, but with the difference that even small businesses can make use of its services. Exfinco's other trade finance services include documentary collections, forward sales agreements, and call options.

Management, Usage, Prices and rates, Foreign exchange, Export sales contracts, Export Finance Co.

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